Gender Pay Gap
Top 25 most dangerous
jobs in the United States 6 Myths about the Gender Pay Gap
(Busted!) Australia Gender equity means fairness of treatment for men and women according to their respective needs. This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations, and opportunities.” Gender equality prevents violence against women and girls. It's essential for economic prosperity. Societies that value women and men as equal are safer and healthier. Gender equality is a human right. Gender is an important consideration in development. It is a way of looking at how social norms and power structures impact on the lives and opportunities available to different groups of men and women. Globally, more women than men live in poverty. Globally, more men die by suicide and most of the leading causes of death than women. The term “equity” refers to fairness and justice and is distinguished from equality: Whereas equality means providing the same to all, equity means recognizing that we do not all start from the same place and must acknowledge and make adjustments to imbalances. Chores: Boys are more likely than girls to have maintenance chores around the house such as painting and mowing the lawn, while girls are likely to have domestic chores such as cooking and doing the laundry. By assigning household tasks in such a definitive way, children then link certain types of work with gender. One solution: Allow
women to do combat military and the dangerous
jobs, Women Represent
Majority of Workers in Several Essential Occupations --
U.S. Census Because women make up a large portion of the essential workforce, they have played a critical role in the U.S. economy and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, women earned 82 cents to every dollar earned by men. In addition to Women’s History Month, it is an important reminder that the gender pay gap is narrowing but continues. Despite women’s substantial presence in essential jobs, the disparity between total median earnings for women and men exists across occupations deemed essential. Equal Pay Day — timed to represent how far into the year women must work to equal what men earned the previous year — is on March 24 this year. That’s earlier than it’s ever been since its inception in 1996. Last year, it occurred on March 31. In 2019, women earned 82 cents to every dollar earned by men. In addition to Women’s History Month, it is an important reminder that the gender pay gap is narrowing but continues. Who Are Essential Workers? Using guidance from the Department of Homeland Security, (24 page PDF) we identified 312 detailed occupations from the 2019 American Community Survey where workers provide services essential to the continued operations of the economy in face of unprecedented challenges associated with COVID-19. The list identifies workers in the following broad categories: health care, education, telecommunications, information technology systems, food and agriculture, transportation and logistics, energy, water and wastewater, and law enforcement. Based on these criteria, 72% of the workforce is classified as full-time, year-round essential workers — an estimated 82 million. Women hold 42% of the nation’s full-time, year-round jobs designated as essential. Women represent the majority of essential workers among education, health care, personal care, and sales and office occupations. Your Health Care Is in Women’s Hands Women have driven the overall employment growth in health care and play a key role in everyday health care needs associated with COVID-19. Women comprise 73% of health care practitioners and technical occupations identified as essential. Women also make up an ever-larger proportion (86%) of essential health care support workers. Registered nurses are one of the most common health care related occupations. Around 2.5 million of the nation’s full-time, year-round workers and 87% of registered nurses are women. Despite women’s large presence in health care occupations, the gender wage gap remains. Male nurses had higher median earnings than female nurses in 2019: $73,603 compared with $68,509. Teachers and Child Care Workers For the past year, teachers have been spending long hours online in virtual classrooms but are gradually returning to in-person instruction as COVID-19 vaccines become available. Large shares of working women are in education. For example, 80% of elementary and middle-school teachers and 97% of preschool and kindergarten teachers are female. Similar patterns of pay disparity are found here, too. In 2019, male elementary and middle-school teachers reported higher median earnings than women in the same jobs: $57,041 compared with $51,787 for women. Among preschool and kindergarten teachers, women earned $30,537, which was not statistically different from men’s earnings of $31,149. Parents and employers rely on child care workers so they can work and conduct business. Child care workers were also predominantly female (95%) and earned about $27,000 less per year than median earnings ($50,078) for all workers across all occupations. Keeping Our Stores Open Retail jobs are among some of the most common occupations in a variety of industries, including grocery and drug stores. Around 75% of cashiers are women but only 45% of women are first-line supervisors of retail sales workers. Cashiers are among the lowest-paid members in the retail workforce. In 2019, the median earnings of female cashiers and first-line retail sales supervisors were $22,032 and $36,432, respectively; men in the same jobs earned $24,616 and $50,270. Statistics in this story come from the
2019 American Community Survey’s Women and Men’s
Detail Occupations and Median Earnings Table. Guidance on
identifying essential occupations can be found in the
Standard Occupational Classification definitions. Top 25 most
dangerous jobs in the United States On-the-job deaths have been rising in recent years, rising from 4,821 in 2014 to 5,250 deaths in 2018, an increase of 9% over the 5-year period. However, the rate of deaths adjusted for employment has only risen approximately 2.2% over the same period, as an improving economy has led to additional employment. In 2018, the average fatality rate among all jobs was 3.4 per 100,000 workers. Our study found that some jobs are significantly more dangerous than others. The most dangerous job, logging, was 33 times more dangerous than the average job nationwide. Additionally, many of the most dangerous jobs earn average salaries that are below the May 2019 annual mean wage of $53,490. Companies that hire workers with the most dangerous jobs usually have workers’ compensation insurance premiums that are higher than average. The study also found that self-employed workers were 3.3 times more likely to die on the job compared with hourly and salaried workers. Wage and salaried workers had an average fatality rate of 2.9 fatalities per 100,000 workers in 2018, while self-employed workers had an average fatality rate of 9.4 per 100,000 workers during the same period. For more intriguing insights from the study, read on for the top 25 most dangerous jobs in America. 1. Logging workers Fatal injury rate: 111 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Contact with objects and equipment The most dangerous job in America is logging. Logging workers had a fatal accident rate that was 33 times the average job nationwide. Logging workers harvest forests to provide the raw material for goods such as wood, paper, and cardboard, in addition to other industrial products. These workers spend almost all of their time outside in forests and other isolated areas. Logging workers use heavy machinery to fell trees and handle logs. Logging worker deaths are most often caused by contact with logging machines or logs. 2. Aircraft pilots and flight engineers Fatal injury rate: 53 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Aircraft pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other types of aircraft. In this profession, pilots are responsible for checking the condition of aircraft before and after flights, ensuring the aircraft is balanced, and planning for fuel and flight plans. Pilots also operate the aircraft, communicate with air traffic control, and monitor the aircraft’s systems during flight. The majority of aircraft pilot fatalities occur in crashes of privately owned planes and helicopters rather than on regularly scheduled commercial jet aircraft. 3. Derrick operators in oil, gas, and mining BLS Category: Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining Fatal injury rate: 46 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents, contact with objects and equipment These oil workers setup, maintain, and operate the derrick and drill equipment used to extract oil and gas and mine for materials. The derrick is the structure above a well that holds the drilling equipment, while the drill rotates to displace the earth. The derrick may also include pumps to extract the oil or other materials from the well. Transportation incidents and contact with objects and equipment were the two leading causes of death for these workers. 4. Roofers Fatal injury rate: 41 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Falls, slips, trips Roofers are responsible for installing, repairing, and replacing roofs on homes and buildings. Their work involves taking roofing materials such as shingles, metal, or other materials onto roofs and securing them. Roofers generally must use ladders or other equipment to climb on top of buildings. The most common cause of fatal work injury for roofers is falling off roofs or ladders. 5. Garbage collectors BLS Category: Refuse and recyclable material collectors Fatal injury rate: 34 per 100,000
workers Salary: $42,100 Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Also known as garbage collectors, refuse and recyclable material collectors collect our trash and recycling. Generally, these workers will drive a truck through neighborhoods and empty garbage bins and dumpsters into the trucks. Many bins are loaded by hand while some trucks have mechanical lifters. They then drive the trucks to a landfill or waste transfer station where the waste is unloaded from the truck. The most common cause of death for these workers is being struck by a garbage truck or other vehicle. 6. Ironworkers BLS Category: Structural iron and steel workers Fatal injury rate: 29 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Falls, slips, trips Ironworkers are responsible for installing iron and steel on buildings, bridges, and roads. Their work often consists of climbing up on large structures, unloading iron and steel, and signaling to crane operators. They also use equipment to cut, bend, and weld iron and steel. Steel and iron are some of the primary reinforcing materials for large scale buildings. Falls are the most common fatal occupational accident for structural iron and steel workers. 7. Delivery drivers BLS Category: Driver/sales workers and truck drivers Fatal injury rate: 27 per 100,000 workers Total deaths (2018): 966 Salary: $29,610 Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Delivery drivers load and unload trucks or cars and drive them to their destination within a local area. These workers generally pick up cargo, food, laundry or other items from distribution centers or stores and deliver them to homes and businesses. They also may communicate with customers to coordinate deliveries, collect payment for goods, and process paperwork such as delivery signatures. Traffic crashes are the leading cause of death on the job for driver/sales workers and truck drivers. 8. Farmers BLS Category: Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers Fatal injury rate: 26 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Farmers are responsible for producing crops and dairy products and raising animals for food. They are responsible for the process of planting and harvesting or feeding and caring for livestock. Additionally, farmers purchase supplies for their farms and purchase and maintain farming equipment. They also sell their crops or livestock on the open market. Crashes, including tractor crashes, were the most common fatal injury for farmers. 9. Firefighting supervisors BLS Category: First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers Fatal injury rate: 20 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Firefighting supervisors are responsible for supervising and coordinating the work of firefighters. This work includes the prevention and control of fires. Some of the tasks that these supervisors perform include communicating and dispatching vehicles, evaluating fire size and condition, training and evaluating firefighters, and maintaining firefighting equipment. The most common cause of death on the job for firefighting supervisors is traffic crashes, followed by fires and explosions. 10. Power linemen BLS Category: Electrical power-line installers and repairers Fatal injury rate: 20 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Exposure to harmful substances or environments Power linemen are responsible for installing and maintaining overhead and underground power lines that supply electricity to homes and businesses. In this job, these workers drive power maintenance equipment to job sites, climb electrical poles or use bucket trucks, and test, install, or otherwise maintain electrical equipment. The most common cause of death for power linemen is death from electrocution. 11. Agricultural workers BLS Category: Miscellaneous agricultural workers Fatal injury rate: 20 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Agricultural workers are responsible for tending crops and livestock. They may be tasked with planting, harvesting, and watering crops, along with maintaining irrigation systems and ditches. These workers can also use farm tools or equipment, as well as apply pesticides and fertilizers. For agricultural workers who work with livestock, they may be responsible for feeding animals and keeping animal living areas clean. Transportation incidents are the most common fatal accidents for agricultural workers, which can occur while these workers are moving between or to and from worksites. 12. Crossing guards Fatal injury rate: 19 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Crossing guards are responsible for the flow of pedestrian and motor vehicle traffic at crosswalks, intersections, schools, and other places where pedestrians and vehicles come into contact with one another. In this job, crossing guards may stop traffic and help to guide pedestrians safely through crossings and intersections. Crossing guards can also work to direct traffic using signs, flags, or hand signals. The most common causes of death for crossing guards are transportation incidents, which occur when vehicles hit and kill crossing guards. 13. Crane operators BLS Category: Crane and tower operators Fatal injury rate: 19 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents, Contact with objects and equipment Crane and tower operators are responsible for the operation of cranes and other equipment used to lift materials, machines, or other objects. Crane operators often work at construction sites to lift building materials onto higher levels of a building, or at ports where they lift containers off of ships. The most common fatalities for crane operators occur when their cranes crash into or are hit by other vehicles, or when objects hit cranes or their operators. 14. Construction helpers BLS Category: Helpers, construction trades Fatal injury rate: 18 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Falls, slips, trips Construction helpers are construction workers who assist trade workers in the course of construction. These workers can include building equipment contractors, building finishing contractors, foundation and exterior contractors, and others. The most common cause of death for these workers are falls and trips on construction sites. 15. Landscaping supervisors BLS Category: First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Fatal injury rate: 18 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Falls, slips, trips Landscaping supervisors are responsible for coordinating and supervising the work of landscapers, lawn maintenance workers, and groundskeepers. In this role, landscaping supervisors manage landscaping projects, enforce workplace standards, inspect work, and instruct workers in the proper techniques for performing landscaping work. The most common cause of death for landscaping workers is falls, which can occur when working from heights performing tasks such as tree trimming. 16. Highway maintenance workers Fatal injury rate: 18 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Highway maintenance workers are responsible for maintaining highways, roads, freeways, runways, and other types of roads. They can perform work such as patching potholes, fixing rails and fences, replacing and repainting road markers, and removing snow or ice. Other tasks that these workers perform include fixing road signs, maintaining roadside shrubbery, and resurfacing roads. The most common cause of death for these workers is vehicle crashes, which can occur when highway workers are working on active roadways. 17. Cement masons BLS Category: Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers Fatal injury rate: 17 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Falls, slips, trips Cement masons provide finishing and smoothing work for poured concrete, which can be for roads, sidewalks, floors, or other applications of concrete. These workers use hand and power tools to align concrete forms and ensure that concrete is smooth and long-lasting. The most common cause of death for cement masons is from falls. 18. Small engine mechanics Fatal injury rate: 15 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents, violence and other injuries by persons or animals Small engine mechanics repair and maintain small engines such as the engines on lawn mowers, motorboats, and motorcycles. These mechanics generally work in repair shops, but also spend significant time making service repairs out in the field for service emergencies. Transportation incidents are the most common cause of death for these workers. 19. Supervisors of mechanics BLS Category: First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers Fatal injury rate: 15 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Violence and other injuries by persons or animals Supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers are responsible for overseeing the schedule and work of other mechanics, installers, and repairers. In this role, supervisors may perform training and inspect work to ensure that it meets standards. Supervisors may also be responsible for obtaining supplies and equipment such as tools or parts. 20. Heavy vehicle mechanics BLS Category: Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics Fatal injury rate: 14 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents, contact with objects and equipment Heavy vehicle mechanics are responsible for maintaining and repairing heavy equipment such as tractors, bulldozers, and cranes. They can inspect equipment, run diagnostics, perform scheduled maintenance, replace parts, and otherwise ensure that equipment is running properly. The most common cause of death for these mechanics is transportations incidents. 21. Grounds maintenance workers Fatal injury rate: 14 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Transportation incidents Grounds maintenance workers are responsible for ensuring that the grounds of parks, businesses, and residences are well maintained and clean. Some of the duties of these workers include maintaining grasses and lawns, removing weeds, trimming trees, bushes, and shrubs, watering plants, and raking leaves. Car crashes are the most common cause of death for grounds maintenance workers, often when traveling to or from a jobsite. 22. Police officers BLS Category: Police and sheriff’s patrol officers Fatal injury rate: 14 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Violence and other injuries by persons or animals Police officers are law enforcement officers tasked with enforcing the law, protecting life and property, and maintaining order. Police officers may perform tasks such as patrolling an area, issuing citations, investigating crimes, arresting suspects, and working with prosecutors on cases. How dangerous is it to be a police officer? Working as a police officer is about 4.1 times as dangerous compared with the average job nationwide, based upon the workplace fatality rate. Police officers have a workplace fatality rate similar to maintenance workers, construction workers, and heavy vehicle mechanics. The most common cause of death for police officers at work is violence by persons. 23. Maintenance workers BLS Category: Maintenance and repair workers, general Fatal injury rate: 14 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Contact with objects and equipment Maintenance workers perform routine maintenance at buildings and fix machines and mechanical equipment. These workers may fix equipment at homes, apartments, or businesses, and they may fix objects such as plumbing, electrical systems, and other machines. They may also be responsible for installing or assembling new equipment, doing general repairs, and ordering parts and supplies. The most common cause of workplace death for maintenance workers is contact with objects or equipment. 24. Construction workers BLS Category: Construction laborers Fatal injury rate: 13 per 100,000
workers Most common fatal accidents: Falls, slips, trips Construction workers provide physical labor for construction tasks at building sites. These workers are responsible for tasks such as unloading building materials, building scaffolding, digging trenches, and operating other construction machinery. They may also spend time cleaning construction sites either in preparation for or after the completion of construction. The most common cause of death for construction workers is falls. 25. Mining machine operators Fatal injury rate: 11 per 100,000 workers Total deaths (2018): 9 Mining machine operators operate machines that remove rock, coal, metals, or other hard materials from a mine and load it onto conveyors that transport the materials out of the mine. Methodology In this study, we used data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The BLS conducts a Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries that tabulates the number of workplace fatalities by occupation by year. We also drew employment statistics for occupations from the Current Population Survey. In this study, we examined 263 professions with employment of at least 50,000 workers nationwide. To calculate the fatal injury rate, we took the number of fatalities divided by the number of jobs in a given occupation for a given year. We normalized the fatality rate per 100,000 workers in order to compare professions with differing levels of employment. To calculate the fatal injury rate, we took the average of the rate for 2014-2023 to reduce the impact of single-year anomalies in the fatal injury data. Information on the most common fatal accidents was drawn from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, and salary data came from the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey. Sources U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Census
of Fatal Occupational Injuries
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